Nanocarbon materials have emerged as revolutionary tools across diverse industries, reshaping the landscape of technology. Driven by advancements in manufacturing techniques, the production of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibers (CNFs) has undergone a paradigm shift, paving the way for unp

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Sputtering is a prominent technique utilized in the fabrication of advanced thin films. Titanium (Ti) sputtering, namely, has emerged as a favorable method due to its ability to deposit high-quality Ti thin films with controlled thickness and composition. The process involves bombarding a Ti target